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The other two classes (II, III) both contain CCHC zinc-finger motifs, and are referred to as zinc finger-containing glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (RZs). Subclass I contains one RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain as well as a glycine-rich (GR) motif, while subclass IV contains two RRM domains as well as the GR motif. This class is further divided into four subclasses (denoted I–IV). A canonical GR-RBP structure is shown in Figure 1a. Among them, members of class IV, known as GR-RBPs, are particularly abundant in plants. Plant glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) are characterized by a high content of glycine (Gly, 20–70%) and have been categorized into five classes, based on the presence of additional motifs and the arrangement of Gly repeats. Recently, new technologies such as RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and UV crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) combined with high-throughput sequencing have been used to find target RBP RNAs and RNA-binding sites. GR-RBPs shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm have been shown to bind their target transcripts in the nucleus to influence their processing, and so to understand the biological roles of GRPs in plants, the key is to find their direct target RNA and RNA-binding sites. GR-RBPs contain a canonical RNA recognition motif (RRM) or a cold-shock domain (CSD) at the N-terminus and a glycine-rich region at the C-terminus, and are involved in several processes, including pre-mRNA splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA and RNA editing.

Processes of crucial importance for growth and development, such as the regulation of transcription and post-transcriptional modifications, are known to require the assistance of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), however, in which capacity is not yet clear.

In the last two years, more and more evidence that GR-RBPs can affect growth and development of different plant species has also been published. GR-RBPs are critical for RNA processing and metabolism. GR-RBPs are widely distributed in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, and in the plant kingdom, they have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum), rice ( Oryza sativa), maize ( Zea mays), sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas), Camelina sativa and others. The biochemical findings are positively correlated to the histology.One protein family, which has been linked to stresses such as cold, wounding, UV radiation, salinity and pathogen infection, is the glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GR-RBPs), which is a sub-family within the larger glycine-rich protein (GRP) superfamily. Conclusion: Evidence indicates that the additional exposition to ethanol in iron-loaded animals could modulate the organ damage and oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation increased in animals fed ethanol and iron, but was significantly lower in animals only receiving an iron diet. Iron diet caused liver cirrhosis, while an additional administration of ethanol could prevent this. Histology: All iron-fed animals showed massive deposits of iron in the liver. Vitamin A: Elevated levels in serum but strongly decreasing levels in liver could be measured. Vitamin E: Animals fed iron and alcohol showed elevated vitamin E concentrations in the serum but not in the liver. Vitamin C: A linear decrease of the concentration of vitamin C in serum and liver was found independent of alcohol and iron uptake. Liver histology was performed to investigate the iron deposits and the organ damage (H. Iron concentration in the liver was measured with the Bathophenanthrolinmethod. Lipid peroxidation was assessed utilizing the ethane-exhalation method. Methods: By reverse-phase HPLC we measured the concentration of ascorbic acid, tocopherole and retinol in serum and liver homogenates as well as transaminases in the serum. In this study, we examined nutritively iron-loaded wistar rats ( n=59) (TMH-Ferrocene) additionally fed with ethanol up to 8% in drinking water for 36 wk. An additive effect of toxicity of iron and ethanol was assumed.

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The full form of this disease is often associated with chronic alcoholism. The oxidant properties of iron-overload and simultaneous ethanol consumption have received much interest, due to evidence reporting from hereditary hemochromatosis (HC).

Iclip biochem